- Relevant Laws
- Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. § 2778); ITAR (22 C.F.R. pts. 120-130); EAR; FAR 52.225-26 and DFARS 252.225-7039; DoDI 3020.50; MEJA (18 U.S.C. § 3261); UCMJ art. 2(a)(10); Montreux Document participation.
- Licensing Requirements
- Registration and licensing with DDTC for defense manufacturers/exporters; state-level PSC licensing.
- Armed Contractor Rules
- No single PMC statute: control is layered through contract clauses (FAR 52.225-26, DFARS 252.225-7039), DoD policy (DoDI 3020.50 / 32 C.F.R. pt. 159) and criminal jurisdiction abroad under MEJA and UCMJ art. 2(a)(10). Military training and advice to foreign forces is separately licensed as a “defense service” under ITAR § 120.32.
- Export Control
- ITAR (State/DDTC) for defense articles; EAR (Commerce/BIS) for dual-use.
- Dual-Use Rules
- EAR Commerce Control List; end-use/end-user restrictions; emerging tech controls.
- Foreign Investment Screening
- CFIUS review under FIRRMA for foreign investment in sensitive defense/tech firms.
- Defense Procurement
- FAR/DFARS federal procurement rules; DoD contracting oversight; competition and bid protest system.
- Classified Contract Rules
- NISPOM industrial security; facility clearances (FCL) and personnel clearances.
- Technology Transfer Restrictions
- ITAR technical data controls; deemed-export rules for foreign nationals.
- Sanctions & End-Use Monitoring
- OFAC sanctions; Blue Lantern (State) and Sentinel (Commerce) end-use monitoring programs.
- Government Agencies
- State/DDTC, Commerce/BIS, Treasury/OFAC, DoD, CFIUS, DCSA.
- Lessons For Ukraine
- The report’s central US lesson: regulate the activity, not the label. Defense services are licensed per transaction (ITAR §§ 120.32, 124.1), conduct rules travel with the contract, and criminal jurisdiction follows personnel abroad — a model Ukraine can replicate through contract-specific authorisation rather than a single omnibus PMC licence.
- Gaps Or Risks For Ukraine
- Highly resource-intensive; multi-agency coordination burden; may be over-scaled for early Ukrainian institutional capacity.