- Relevant Laws
- Common Position 2008/944/CFSP (arms exports); Regulation 2021/821 (dual-use); Regulation 2019/452 (FDI screening); Directive 2009/81 (defense procurement).
- Licensing Requirements
- Member-state licensing; Intra-EU Transfers Directive 2009/43/EC simplifies transfers between member states.
- Armed Contractor Rules
- No unified EU PMC regime; member-state law governs; EU supports Montreux/ICoC.
- Export Control
- EU Dual-Use Regulation with harmonized control list; member states retain arms-export authority under Common Position.
- Dual-Use Rules
- Regulation 2021/821 introduces cyber-surveillance controls and human-rights criteria.
- Foreign Investment Screening
- Regulation 2019/452 cooperation mechanism; member-state screening regimes for defense/dual-use.
- Defense Procurement
- Directive 2009/81/EC for defense and security procurement; EDF and EDIP industrial support instruments.
- Classified Contract Rules
- Council Decision 2013/488/EU on protection of EU classified information; national security clearances mutually recognized.
- Technology Transfer Restrictions
- Technical assistance and brokering controls under dual-use regulation.
- Sanctions & End-Use Monitoring
- EU restrictive measures regime; end-user statements required under national implementations.
- Government Agencies
- European Commission (DG TRADE, DG DEFIS), EEAS, Council, EDA, member-state licensing authorities.
- Lessons For Ukraine
- Harmonized dual-use framework; FDI screening cooperation model; defense procurement directive as EU-accession benchmark.
- Gaps Or Risks For Ukraine
- Fragmented across member states; no PMC-specific rules; Ukraine must still build national implementation.